According to the Brittanica,
"Realism" in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different civilizations. In the visual arts, for example, realism can be found in ancient Hellenistic Greek sculptures accurately portraying boxers and decrepit old women. The works of such 17th-century painters as Caravaggio, the Dutch genre painters, the Spanish painters José de Ribera, Diego Velázquez, and Francisco de Zurbarán, and the Le Nain brothers in France are realist in approach. The works of the 18th-century English novelists Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett may also be called realistic. Realism was not consciously adopted as an aesthetic program until the mid-19th century in France, however. Indeed, realism may be viewed as a major trend in French novels and paintings between 1850 and 1880. One of the first appearances of the term realism was in the Mercure français du XIXe siècle in 1826, in which the word is used to describe a doctrine based not upon imitating past artistic achievements but upon the truthful and accurate depiction of the models that nature and contemporary life offer the artist. The French proponents of realism were agreed in their rejection of the artificiality of both the Classicism and Romanticism of the academies and on the necessity for contemporaneity in an effective work of art. They attempted to portray the lives, appearances, problems, customs, and mores of the middle and lower classes, of the unexceptional, the ordinary, the humble, and the unadorned. Indeed, they conscientiously set themselves to reproducing all the hitherto-ignored aspects of contemporary life and society--its mental attitudes, physical settings, and material conditions.
Realism was stimulated by several intellectual developments in the first half of the 19th century. Among these were the anti-Romantic movement in Germany, with its emphasis on the common man as an artistic subject; Auguste Comte's Positivist philosophy, in which sociology's importance as the scientific study of society was emphasized; the rise of professional journalism, with its accurate and dispassionate recording of current events; and the development of photography, with its capability of mechanically reproducing visual appearances with extreme accuracy. All these developments stimulated interest in accurately recording contemporary life and society.
Honore Daumier, Gargantua, 1831, lithograph In 1830, after learning the still fairly new process of lithography, Honore Daumier (1808-1879) began to contribute political cartoons to the anti-government weekly journal, Caricature. He was an ardent Republican and was sentenced to six months' imprisonment in 1832 for his attacks on King Louis-Philippe, whom he represented as the archetypal glutton in the political cartoon Gargantua. Daumier's scene shows the monumental king on a toilet with a huge plank descending from his mouth like an extended tongue. A pathetic crowd pressed into the right foreground -- consisting of cripples, emaciated mothers, and tattered workers -- gather in front of the Parisian skyline (e.g., the towers of Notre Dame can be seen at right middle-ground), while government ministers dutifully march up the plank to feed Louis-Philippe the underprivileged's taxes which he excretes to another crowd of officials standing below. King Louis-Philippe was also sensitive to this political cartoon because of the manner in which Daumier depicted the monarch's head: it is shaped like a pear, which in French also means "block head" or stupid. The above text is quoted from, http://www.smcm.edu/art/arth100/Expanding/Revolution/Daumier.htm (however this link is no longer working) |
Context according to the Brittanica,
Satirical lithographs
In 1830 Daumier began his satirical work: his busts lampooning certain contemporary types and his many lithographs. He enjoyed the company of grandiloquent men and mainly associated with men of the left. It was at this time that Charles Philipon, a liberal journalist who had founded the opposition journal La Caricature, invited him to become a contributor. King Louis-Philippe generally tolerated jokes at his expense, but, when unduly provoked, rather than bring suit against a paper, he preferred to seize it, a procedure that meant ruin for its staff and financial backers. Only once during his reign did he deal severely with an offender--with Daumier in 1832, and then only after the second of the artist's most violent attacks. Sentenced to six months in prison, Daumier spent two of them in the state prison and four in a mental hospital, the king apparently wanting to show that one had to be mad to oppose and caricature him. After his release in February 1833, Daumier was never again indicted, even though in his cartoons he continued to attack a regime, a form of society, and a concept of life that he scorned, while at the same time creating unforgettable characters. Daumier's types were universal: businessmen, lawyers, doctors, professors, and petits bourgeois. His treatment of his lithographs was sculptural, leading Balzac to say about him that he had a bit of Michelangelo under his skin. |
| Realism
(the italicized portions, in outline form, are directly quoted from http://hills.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~jcarpent/artapout.htm) Chronology 1839 Daguerreotype presented 1848 Communist Manifesto 1848-52 Revolution in Europe 1859 Charles Darwin publishes Origin of Species 1861-65 American Civil War 1873 Clerk-Maxwell Theory of Electro-magnetic Radiation 1891 First movie camera patented 1884 1st Salon des Artistes Independants (Salon of Independents) 1886 8th and last Impressionist exhibition 1900 Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams 1903 First flight of the Wright brothers 1905-15 Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity 1914-18 World War I
Karl Marx- Socialism on the rise. According to the text "Karl Marx believed that the laws of human society could be discovered by science and used to construct what he called the golden age of humanity. |
Excerpted from, |
Honore Daumier, Rue Transnonain, 1834 more on Daumier http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/jan-june00/daumier_4-25.html |
Form: Daumier's image incorporates dramatic shifts of chiaroscuro,
tenebrism and radical foreshortening in an image which is at the same time
photographic in its value structure yet somewhat cartoon like in its execution.
This image is a lithographic print that was originally published in
the news paper. According to the Brittanica, lithography is
a
planographic printing process that makes use of the immiscibility of grease and water. In the lithographic process, ink is applied to a grease-treated image on the flat printing surface; nonimage (blank) areas, which hold moisture, repel the lithographic ink. This inked surface is then printed--either directly on paper, by means of a special press (as in most fine-art printmaking), or onto a rubber cylinder (as in commercial printing). The process was discovered in 1798 by Alois Senefelder of Munich, who used a porous Bavarian limestone for his plate (hence lithography, from Greek lithos, "stone"). The secret of lithographic printing was closely held until 1818, when Senefelder published Vollständiges Lehrbuch der Steindruckerey (A Complete Course of Lithography). |
Iconography: Overtly this print is an attack on the French government. It documents the results of events surrounding the uprisings in Paris during the 1830's. During a riot in which many of the streets were barricaded, some paving stones were hurled down at police marching through the streets. The police retaliated by storming one of the building that they thought contained the rebels and they killed all the residents. According to the general population all of the residents were fast asleep and the police attacked innocent people and murdered everyone including the children and old people in their sleep. Notice that in this image they are wearing nightshirts. Daumier documents what he believes was the unjust death of these occupants. The figures in this image are lit in the religious manner of Caravaggio and the pose of the central figure is reminiscent of many images of Christ and of the image by David of Marat. Daumier adds a particularly goulish touch to this image by placing the body of an infant beneath the central figure. Both lay in a puddle of blood. I might have the specifics of the story a bit off. Here's some info from another website,
Despite serving time in prison for the content of his political cartoons, Daumier continued to criticize the French government. For instance, when twelve Parisians were killed in a raid by government infantrymen because they had shown support for an uprising in another important French city, Daumier represented the massacre in the illustration Rue Transnonain (1834). Unlike Gargantua, there is a total absence of caricature. Instead, the victims are portrayed with realism. Daumier's Rue Transnonain is also important because the central dead adult has been appropriated from Delacroix's earlier revolutionary image Liberty Leading the People (1830). More than likely, a contemporary French audience would have noticed how the prostrate figure in Daumier's image is placed in a similar pose to that of Delacroix's dead man in the right foreground below the allegorical figure.
The above text is quoted from,
http://www.smcm.edu/art/arth100/Expanding/Revolution/Daumier.htm
Honore Daumier, Third Class Carriage, 1862 oil on canvas, 25"x35" 
Honore Daumier, Third Class Carriage, 1862. Drawing 
Honore Daumier, The Third-Class Carriage 1863-65 Oil on canvas 25 3/4 x 35 1/2 in. (65.4 x 90.2 cm) The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York |
Form: These images all use reduced earthtoned palettes. The compositions
are symmetrical and stable. The space is fairly shallow and arranged
in bands with the focus of the image in the foreground.
One of the most important aspects of these images is that Daumier has
created multiple copies of the same image by using a process called grid
and transfer or squaring. According to the Brittanica,
"Squaring" in painting, simple technique for transferring an image from one surface to another (and sometimes converting the image from one scale to another) by non mechanical means. The original work to be transferred is divided into a given number of squares; the same number of squares is then marked off-- with charcoal or some other easily removable medium--on the surface of the receiving area. The contents of each square of the original are then drawn in the corresponding square of the reproduction. The use of the grid ensures the accurate placement of images onto the reproduction. The Egyptians used squaring at least 5,000 years ago. It has been used to transfer cartoons onto murals, to transfer preparatory drawings onto canvas paintings, and to alter the scale of any work in the same media.This process is important because it demonstrates the influence of mechanical reproduction (photography and printmaking) on the practice of fine art. Daumier is influenced by the technologies used to create his cartoons in the newspapers even when he makes fine art. Daumier would have used the process of "squaring" to reproduce images like this on to lithographic stones and printmaking plates. This process was also used during the Renaissance. Check this out: http://www.clevelandart.org/techniques/squaring.html Daumier's work is realistic but it is still stylized in a cartoon like manner. His portraits of everyday people are more caricatures than attempts to capture a realistic or photographic realism. Iconography: Daumier is a lot like Hogarth. Even in his use of the technology of printmaking to communicate and sell his work. The iconography of Daumier's work (like Hogarth) deals primarily with Parisian and or French culture and its social organization. His work often deals with social injustice but often his work documents and is a commentary on the structure of French society. According to the Webmuseum, Honore Daumier, a French artist, was deeply interested in people, especially the underprivileged. In Third-Class Carriage he shows us, with great compassion, a group of people on a train journey. We are especially concerned with one family group, the young mother tenderly holding her small child, the weary grandmother lost in her own thoughts, and the young boy fast asleep. The painting is done with simple power and economy of line. The hands, for example, are reduced to mere outlines but beautifully drawn. The bodies are as solid as clay, their bulk indicated by stressing the essential and avoiding the nonessential. These are not portraits of particular people but of mankind.Hogarth's Third Class Carriage is also a commentary on the compressed and cramped existence of the French "third class" or lower class. Even though they are doing the bulk of the work their carriage is decidedly less comfortable than the first class carriage below. Notice also that the wealthy people in the first class carriage are not conversing or leaning against one another. Their facial expressions are much more detached and aloof as well. This in some ways demonstrates Daumier's empathy for the lower economic classes. In some ways he is very Rousseau like in his egalitarianism. |
Daumier, Honore 1808-1879 First-Class Carriage 1864 black chalk, wash, watercolor and conte crayon on wove paper Baltimore: Walters Art Gallery inv.37.1225 |
Daumier, Honore 1808-1879 French - Third Class Carriage Berlin :Private Collection Gerstenberg Collection |
Form:
Courbet's paintings are rendered in a realist and a realistic/naturalistic
manner. His value structure, anatomy and color are all fairly well
observed and true to life. Nevertheless, Courbet also worked with
some formal elements that were less naturalistic. His color is made
up of a palette of low key somber earth tones. The composition of
this image is traditional but a bit odd. The grave is cropped in
the center foreground and the figures stand in a frieze like band just
behind the hole. The background's sky and low flat mountains are
almost surreal (dreamlike) in their appearance. His paint
quality is a bit unique in that he incorporates the use of impastos in
his work. He employed a heavy use of the palette knife to literally
trowel the paint on to the surface of the canvas. The figures in
the image are realistic but they are also "types" of people and in some
ways their rough and course features are almost caricaturish in how they
are rendered.
Iconography: The Burial at Ornans, depicts "real" people attending the funeral of a common or "real" person. Courbet specialized in working class people and ordinary landscapes. He took the idea of "History Painting" and expands on it by heroicizing the ugly common people of the country whom he had a great amount of sympathy for. In some ways he is creating a monument for the common French peasant but the image also has some of the moralizing memento mori like warnings contained in Masaccio's "Trinity with Donors." The hole in the foreground is very similar in its symbology to Masaccio's skeleton.
The strange truncated grave of the buried peasant demonstrates his anti heroic composition and an interest in the documentary and formal qualities of photography. His memento mori is an attempt to illustrate the common fate of all humanity and for him his painting was and attempt to show this in an unedited truth to perceived fact - "the here and now." Even the formal qualities of using earthy tones and the rough impastos are for Courbet symbolic of the rough and drab nature of reality.
Context: Courbet was considered the father of Realist movement in 19th century art and accepted the term "realism" to describe his art.
According to the Brittanica,
Courbet (b. June 10, 1819, Ornans, Fr. d. Dec. 31, 1877, La Tour-de-Peilz, Switz. ) was a
French painter and leader of the realist movement. Courbet rebelled against the Romantic painting of his day, turning to everyday events for his subject matter. His huge shadowed canvases with their solid groups of figures ("The Artist's Studio," 1855) drew sharp criticism from the establishment. From the 1860s a more sensuous and colorful manner prevailed in his work. Courbet was born in eastern France, the son of Eléonor-Régis, a prosperous farmer, and Sylvie Courbet. After attending both the Collège Royal and the college of fine arts at Besançon, he went to Paris in 1841, ostensibly to study law. He devoted himself more seriously, however, to studying the paintings of the masters in the Louvre. Father and son had great mutual respect, and, when Courbet told his father he intended to become a painter rather than a provincial lawyer, his father consented, saying, "If anyone gives up, it will be you, not me," and adding that, if necessary, he would sell his land and vineyards and even his houses.
Freed from all financial worry, young Courbet was able to devote himself entirely to his art. He gained technical proficiency by copying the pictures of Diego Velázquez, Ribera, and other 17th-century Spanish painters. In 1844, when he was 25, after several unsuccessful attempts, his self-portrait "Courbet with a Black Dog," painted in 1842, was accepted by the Salon--the only annual public exhibition of art in France, sponsored by the Royal Academy. When in the following years the jury for the Salon thrice rejected his work because of its unconventional style and bold subject matter, he remained undaunted and continued to submit it.
The Revolution of 1848 ushered in the Second Republic and a new liberal spirit that greatly affected the arts. The Salon held its exhibition not in the Louvre itself but in the adjoining galleries of the Tuileries. Courbet exhibited there in 1849, and his early work was greeted with considerable critical and public acclaim.
In 1849 he visited his family at Ornans to recover from the hectic life in Paris and, inspired again by his native countryside, produced two of his greatest paintings: "The Stone-Breakers" and "Burial at Ornans." Painted in 1849, "The Stone-Breakers" is a realistic rendering of two figures doing menial labour in a barren, rural setting. The "Burial at Ornans," from the following year, is a huge representation of a peasant funeral, containing more than 40 life-size figures. Both works depart radically from the more controlled, idealized pictures of either the Neoclassic or Romantic schools; they portray the life and emotions not of aristocratic personages but of humble peasants, and they do so with a realistic urgency. The fact that Courbet did not glorify his peasants but presented them boldly and starkly created a violent reaction in the art world.
Gustave Courbet, Stonebreakers 1849 destroyed 1945 Dresden French, Realism |
Form: This painting is rendered in an even more frieze like manner
than the his "Burial at Ornans." Courbet's palette and paint quality
remain consistent throughout the body of his work. This work is earth
toned and the brushwork is fairly rough and tangible.
Iconography: The Brittanica comments that ""The Stone-Breakers"
is a realistic rendering of two figures doing menial labour in a barren,
rural setting." The subject matter of the painting demonstrates Courbet's
sympathy for the plight of the rural poor; however, it is a plight he does
nothing to remedy (his father was a wealthy farmer.)
Courbet heightens the pathos of the image by depicting two literally faceless workers. As such one could imagine there own face on the workers or perhaps his message is that we don't really notice or acknowledge the individual identities of this faceless cast. Nevertheless, he does identify their ages well enough. The boy is too young to be doing the hard manual labour of breaking up stones and the straw hatted adult is too old. The need for their hard work is evidenced in the worn and ragged clothing they wear. |
 This Year Venuses again!. . . Always Venuses! c1864 |
Alexandre Cabanel, The Birth of Venus 1863 Oil on canvas (4’ 2.7" x 7’ 3.75") French Academic Painting or Neoclassic Stokstad points out that Daumier was a bit of an art critique as well and that he commented on the reality of practicality of continuing in the typical Neoclassical and Academic traditions of painting the nude female form in the guise or "disguise" of classical goddesses. In some ways, Daumier was pointing out that images like this not only had no relationship to 19th century French culture but was also possibly an immoral excuse to satisfy the appetites of the "male gaze." Other French "Realist" authors felt similarly and Emile Zola, who wrote similarly themed realist literature to Flaubert pointed out the "realities" of the image above. When Cabanel's Birth of Venus was presented at the salon of 1863, this painting was purchased by Napoleon III. The novelist, Émile Zola (naturalism), rejected this painting calling it a "goddess drowning in a river of mud (who) looks like a very delectable tart, not in flesh and blood—that would be indecent—but in a sort of pink and white marzipan." The paintings of Manet take on a similar argument. |
Manet, Edouard. Olympia 1863 Oil on canvas 51 3/8 x 74 3/4 in. French Realism |
TIZIANO Vecellio (Titian) The Venus of Urbino 1538 Oil on canvas, 119 x 165 cm Italian Renaissance |
For each element in Titian's painting, Manet reflects a similar one. For example, the loyal sleeping dog in Titian's painting (which seems a bit sarcastic even there considering the context of the image) is echoed by the black cat arching it's back in Manet's image. The dog in Titian's work is probably a reference to fidelity and constancy much as it is in Durer's print "The Knight, Death and The Devil" but Manet replaces this with a cat which is a symbol of feminine sexual power and witchcraft. The tasteful textiles, surfaces and textures of Titian's work are replaced by a gaudy eclectic combination of textiles and wallpapers in Manet's work. In fact, in 1850-51 the world's fair or exposition was hosted in Chatsworth, England by Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert. One of the purposes of the exposition was to instruct the masses in the ways of good taste and design. Victoria and Albert noticed that thanks to industrialization textiles were in great abundance and fairly cheaply priced. Victoria and Albert believed that the uneducated masses of England were combing fabrics and wallpapers without regard to taste. Manet's painting is a fairly good example of this willy nilly combination. Manet may have meant it as a statement concerning the taste of Olympia.
Please read Contrapposto Magazine Bringing Olympia Into the Present
Manet, Dejeuner sur l'herbe 1863. Oil on canvas 84" x 106" 
Raimondi detail of The Judgement of Paris 1520 |
Stokstad discusses this image and its context extensively in the text. |
 1882. Oil on canvas. 37"x51" Courtauld Institute Galleries, London, UK. |
Diego Velázquez Las Meninas 1656 Oil on canvas 10'5''x9' Located in Museo del Prado, |
Paris: When it Sizzles! Impressionism and Baron Haussmann’s renovation of Paris. Gustave
Caillebotte 1848-94
Paris, A Rainy Day,1876-77 oil on canvas
o/c Chicago,A.I. approximately 7'x5'
 Form:
Semi-Impressionistic painting done using multiple vanishing points, atmospheric
perspective, and subtle non-local colors. This painting is a very impressive
combination of almost all the formal qualities we have looked at so far
this semester.
(You may want to
go back and reread the page on perspective before you continue on this
section. )
In terms of Caillebotte's use of perspective, he uses multiple points of perspective although on first glance it appears to be just two points. The lamp post, which is slightly off center is placed just in front of one of the vanishing points. Caillebotte uses the lamp post to divide the picture plane but also to divide the foreground (on the right) from the far background (on the left.) Caillebotte also uses atmospheric perspective to dull the intensity and cool the colors of the sky and buildings as they recede into the background. He also changes the value structure and restricts in the background. Caillebotte also manipulates the color in an impressionistic manner. If you look closely at the color of the sky, you will see it is not the typical blue that one may think of as being a sky color. In fact the sky almost has yellows and greens in it. The same is true of the colors of the cobblestones. If you look closely at them you may not that the hue or color of the cobblestones are not the browns and grays one might expect. Even in the flesh tones of the figures you may notice that there are blues and grays in addition to the warm brown we can anticipate. (Remember Vermeer did this too.) This is called using "non-local colors." This use of "non-local colors" is one of the main tricks of the impressionists. Iconography: This painting symbolizes many things. It represents the destruction of the old Paris and the reconstruction of the newer one by Baron Haussmann. It also represents the rise in the newer bourgoisie and their access to new found wealth. This new upper middle class had money thanks to industrialization. This new class of people were able to spend money and enjoy the wide diagonal vistas created by the renovation of Paris. The clothing these people wear and the accessories they carry (the top hats and umbrellas) represent the mass creation of these luxury goods. The bottom of the buildings they walk by are shops that contain wide open picture windows that invite these individuals to spend there newly acquired wealth. Context: According to the Brittanica, French painter, art collector, and impresario who combined aspects of the academic and Impressionist styles in a unique synthesis. Born into a wealthy family, Caillebotte trained to be an engineer but became interested in painting and studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He met Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Claude Monet in 1874 and showed his works at the Impressionist exhibition of 1876 and its successors. Caillebotte became the chief organizer, promoter, and financial backer of the Impressionist exhibitions for the next six years, and he used his wealth to purchase works by Monet, Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Paul Cézanne, Edgar Degas, Alfred Sisley, and Berthe Morisot. |
PARIS. Opera Area. c.1876. Demolition for Avenue de l'Opera. (Marville, Charles, photographer). 
RePlan of Paris, 1853, Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann (1809-1891) and Napoleon III |
Form: Paris is now laid out in a series of broad
several lane vistas as wide as some of our 4 lane highways. The streets
are also laid out in diagonals that terminate in views of important or
beautiful buildings such as the Eiffel Tower and the Grand Opera house
or the Arche de Triomphe.
The streets are paved with cobblestones and the buildings
that spring up from these streets are fairly uniform in size, shape and
ornament because they were all constructed fairly quickly and out of similar
materials.
"Distinguished for his bold alterations in the layout of Paris under Napoleon III, he is largely responsible for the city's present appearance. To create adequate traffic circulation, old streets were widened and new ones cut, while the great railway stations were placed in a circle outside the old city and provided with broad approaches. For the enhancement of monuments, open spaces and vistas were contrived, including the Place de l’Opéra, the Étoile, and the Place de la Nation, which became focusing points for radiating avenues. The Bois de Boulogne was laid out, as well as a number of smaller parks. The Boulevard Haussmann in Paris commemorates his name."Iconography: The redesign incorporates many of the radiating patterns that Versaille's gardens have and many of the structures have the French style roof known as the Mansard style roof that the palace at Versailles exhibits. This reference to Versailles is either a conscious or unconscious attempt to refer back to Paris and France's pre-Revolutionary and romantic days. Context: According to the Brittanica, Napoleon III and Haussmann |
PARIS. Apt. house, 19th c. economic status by floor. Pinkney, pl. 3. |
Form: The Parisian apartment houses were redesigned
to be vertical in orientation and often rose four to five stories.
Most buildings were uniform in size and shape and were
built around airshafts or a central courtyard which allowed light and air
to flow through the entire structure and provided windows for almost all
of the inhabited rooms.
The roof was usually designed after the style of Mansard. The buildings were made mainly from brick and concrete. Window casements and glass were made from wood often manufactured in standard sizes and shapes. The buildings were often surrounded by terraces with cast iron and sometimes wrought iron ornamentation. The buildings incorporated in door plumbing and gas lights and utilized the extensive Parisian sewer system to sanitize them. Almost all of the building materials were created elsewhere and then brought to the site and built almost in a modular fashion. Ins some ways these buildings are the ancestors to our own modularly constructed building developments and even trailer homes. Iconography: These redesign of Paris and the construction of such similar apartment blocks symbolized the technological innovations and advancements created by French civil engineers and architects. The construction of such buildings represented the modernization and homogenization of Parisian culture. It also demonstrated the new found wealth of the bourgeois (middle classes.) Context: The creation of such buildings fit in with the over all street designs of Haussmann and were thought to cut back on diseases caused by overcrowding and poor sanitation. These buildings also combined commercial spaces with living spaces above and therefore made the downtown areas more commercially viable and convenient. The bottom floor of the structure usually contained shops or a cafe. The large glass display windows exhibited the goods inside. The bottom and second floors were the apartments of the wealthier individuals and sometimes the landlords. As one moved up the structure, the stairs created and inconvenience since at that point no elevators existed. The further one moved from the bottom floors the less expensive the apartments became due to the inconvenience. Hence in the attic (garret) the artists lived as this diagram can attest. |
Charles Garnier's, Opera 1860-1875 
|
Form: Opera House built by Charles Garnier for Napoleon
the III. It was to be part of the great revitalization of Paris.
Iconography: "Although described by a contemporary critic
as 'looking like an overloaded sideboard', it (the Paris Opera House) is
now regarded as one of the masterpieces of the period. Here Garnier triumphed
over a cramped and difficult site, handling the carriage-ramps and approach
steps, the foyers and staircases, both in section and plan, with confidence
and skill. The style is monumental, classically based and opulently expressed,
as the times demanded, in an elaborate language of multicoloured marbles
and lavish statuary. Throughout his life, Garnier was criticized for his
excessive use of ornament, as Napoleon and Haussmann are still accused
of being inspired by an out-of-date and imperialist showmanship expressed
in a language already debased. Such critics forget that every city needs
its occasional monuments and occasions of grandeur, and that, thanks largely
to these three men, Paris remains one of the most beautiful cities in the
world."
— John Julius Norwich, ed. Great Architecture of the World. p214. Context: "Charles Garnier was born of humble origins in Paris in 1825. He studied at the Ecole Gratuite de Dessin in the evenings until 1840 when he entered the atelier of Lebas. Later he worked as a draughtsman for Viollet-le-Duc. In 1842 Garnier entered the Ecole des Beaux Arts where he eventually won the Grand Prix de Rome. He studied for five years at the Academy in Rome where he became interested in the "pageantry of Roman society". He rounded out his architectural education with a visit to Greece and Turkey in 1852. Back in Paris, Garnier received few private commissions but accepted several municipal posts including that of architect of the fifth and sixth arrondissemnets. In 1861 Garnier entered and won the competition for the new Paris opera house. His design reflected the aspirations of the Second Empire with its rich coloring and decoration." Full text http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Charles_Garnier.html |
1) Explain the significance of mechanical reproduction and how it
relates to these image. How might these images relate to developments and changes in society?
Are the goals similar or different?
2) How does these works reflect some of the ways people
thought in the 19th century? How might it relate to the excerpts out
of Flaubert’s A Simple Heart and the excerpts you read from Hugo?
Mencher, Liaisons 313-336
Other books might relate Madame Bovary
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